Finally, we focused on adrenal insufficiency.Ĭonclusions: The role of ACTH in maintaining the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is well known. In the section on extra-adrenal effects, we have analyzed the effects of ACTH on the osteoarticular and reproductive systems, adipocytes, immune system, brain and skin. In the section on adrenal ACTH effects, we focused on corticosteroid rhythmicity and effects on steroidogenesis, mineralocorticoids and adrenal growth. Results: In the present review, we provide an overview on the current knowledge on adrenal and extra-adrenal effects of ACTH. Methods: We comprehensively reviewed English language articles, regardless of whether they reported the presence or absence of adrenal and extra-adrenal ACTH effects. Although ACTH clearly has an effect on adrenal homeostasis and maintenance of steroid hormone production, it also has extra-adrenal effects that require further elucidation. Introduction: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced from proopiomelanocortin, which is predominantly synthetized in the corticotroph and melanotroph cells of the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome - Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy.Valeria Hasenmajer Ilaria Bonaventura Marianna Minnetti Valentina Sada Emilia Sbardella Andrea M.
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